🔬 All Living People Are Homo sapiens
Modern Europeans, Africans, Asians, Indigenous Americans, Jewish populations, Latin Americans, Indians and mixed-ancestry people are members of Homo sapiens. Homo erectus is extinct; the latest known populations survived until approximately 108,000–117,000 years ago. Neanderthals disappeared approximately 40,000 years ago. Terms such as "Neanderthal," "Homo erectus" and "caveperson" therefore cannot be assigned to living people based on height, teeth, body shape, nationality or facial appearance.
Human populations are not separate living species. Humans share approximately 99.9% of their DNA. Genetic variants do not divide humanity into the racial categories used in the writings. More genetic variation can exist within a socially identified racial group than between two such groups. Ancestry is real and medically relevant in some contexts, but ancestry is not equivalent to a separate species. Mixed ancestry is not biological evidence of mutation, species fraud or reduced humanity.
Physical appearance cannot prove species or criminal conduct. Height, weight, teeth, eye shape, skin tone, skull proportions and body structure are influenced by many genes, development, nutrition, health and environment. They cannot establish that a living person belongs to Homo erectus, a separate primate lineage or a criminal population. Photographs, portraits and sculptures can help study clothing, artistic conventions or historical individuals. They cannot by themselves prove that modern ethnic groups are separate species.
Sexual relations between adult humans are not bestiality. The conventional legal meaning of bestiality is sexual activity between a human and an animal. It does not include sexual relations between two adult human beings of different races, ethnicities, nationalities or ancestries. Fraud, coercion, incapacity, age, threats and lack of consent can create genuine sexual offenses. However, a disputed or concealed ethnic background does not transform a human being into an animal or automatically convert an adult human relationship into bestiality.
"Genetic crime" is not a universal criminal charge. There are genuine offenses and legal protections involving genetics and reproduction, including:
- Genetic-information discrimination.
- Unauthorized genetic testing or disclosure in some jurisdictions.
- Forced sterilization.
- Reproductive coercion.
- Sexual assault.
- Human trafficking.
- Genocide and crimes against humanity.
These offenses have specific legal elements. For example, U.S. genetic-information law addresses testing, family medical information, employment and insurance discrimination—not ordinary relationships between people of different ancestry. International crimes likewise require defined acts, victims, intentions and evidence.